Memória P&D Design

7º Congresso Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Design

Centro Universitário Positivo — Curitiba (PR)

Novembro/2006

Design Gráfico

Algumas considerações sobre o design de sinais de advertência em manuais de instrução de fogões

Some considerations on the design of warnings in cookers user manuals

Vera Maria Damazio
Bianca Dal Bianco
Júlia Lima
Cristiane de Menezes

Resumo

Este artigo discute resultados sobre a análise da representação gráfica de advertências em manuais de instrução de fogões (N=20) comercializados no mercado brasileiro no biênio 2004-2005. Analisaram-se os aspectos do conteúdo informacional e da apresentação gráfica, a partir de parâmetros propostos por Wogalter, Desaulniers e Godfrey (1985); da categorização de Barthes (1964) e Bassy (1974); e da taxonomia de Spinillo (2000). Os resultados apontaram falhas na representação/uso de: marcas semânticas para negação; estilo de ilustração; descrição de conseqüências; indicação do perigo; e relação entre texto e ilustração. Tais deficiências podem vir a interferir na compreensão, e por conseguinte, na eficácia das informações de segurança, como ponderado nesse trabalho.
Palavras-chave:Sinais de advertência, Manuais de instrução, Fogões

Abstract

This paper discusses the results on the analysis of the graphic representation of warnings in cookers' users manuals (N=20), available in the Brazilian trade market during 2004-2005. Aspects regarding their information content and their graphic presentation were considered, according to: Wogalter, Desaulniers and Godfrey (1985) parameters; Barthes (1964) and Bassy (1974) categorization; and Spinillo's taxonomy (2000). The results indicate weaknesses in: the representation and use of semantic marks for negative in images, picture style, the description of consequences, the indication of danger; and the text-picture relationship. Such drawbacks may affect comprehension, and therefore, the efficacy of the safety information represented, as concerned in this study.
Keywords:Warnings, User manual, Cooker

Referências bibliográficas

  • ADAMS, A.; BOCHNER, S.; BILIK, L. The effectiveness of warning signs in hazardous work places: Cognitive and social determinants. Applied Ergonomics, v. 29, n. 4, p. 247-254, 1998.
  • AYRES, T. et al. What is a warning and when will it work? In: HFS Annual Meeting, 33, 1989. Proceedings of the HFS 33rd Annual Meeting. Santa Monica: HFS, 1989, p. 426-430.
  • BARTHES, R. Rhéthoric de l'image. Communications, n. 4, p. 40-51, 1964.
  • BASSY, A-M. Du texte a l'illustration pour un semiologie des étapes. Semiotica, v. XI, p. 295-334, 1974.
  • BIEGER, G.; GLOCK, M. Comprehending spatial and contextual information in picture text instructions. Journal of Experimental Education, v. 54, p. 181-188, 1985/1986.
  • BIFANO, A. Manuais de instrução: Uso e compreensão das informações. In: Abergo, 5, 1999. Anais do Abergo’99. Salvador: Abergo, 1999.
  • BRASIL. Código de Defesa do Consumidor. Brasília, 1990. Disponível em: http://www.mj.gov.br/dpdc/servicos/legislacao/pdf/cdc.pdf. Acesso em: 10 out. 2003.
  • BRUYAS, M-P.; LE BRETON, B.; PAUZIÉ, A. Ergonomic guidelines for the design of pictorial in formation. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, v. 21, p. 407-413, 1998.
  • CHEATHAM, D.; SHAVER, E.; WOGALTER, M. Developing effective warnings for the workplace. Occupational Health & Safety, v. 72, n. 6, p. 28-34, jun. 2003.
  • COLLINS, B.; LERNER, N. Assessment of fire-safety symbols. Human Factors, v. 24, n. 1, p. 75-84, 1982.
  • DORRIS, A.; PURSWELL, J. Human factors in the design of effecttive product warnings. In: HFS Annual Meeting, 22, 1978. Proceedings of the HFS 22nd Annual Meeting. Santa Monica: HFS, 1978, p. 343-346.
  • GANIER, F. Processing text and pictures in procedural illustrations. Information Design Journal, v. 10, n. 2, p. 146-153, 2000/2001.
  • GODFREY, S.; ALLENDER, L.; LAUGHERY, K.; SMITH, V. Warning messages: Will the consumer bother to look? Human factors in the design of effecttive product warnings. In: HFS Annual Meeting, 27, 1983. Proceedings of the HFS 27th Annual Meeting. Santa Monica: HFS, 1983, p. 950-954.
  • HARTLEY, J. Designing instructional text. London: Kogan Page, 1985.
  • INMETRO. Manual de instrução de fogão. 2003. Disponível em: http://www.inmetro.gov.br/consumidor/produtos/manualFogao.asp. Acesso em: 12 out. 2004.
  • JOHNSON, D. A warning label for scaffold users. In: HFS Annual Meeting, 36, 1992. Proceedings of the HFS 36th Annual Meeting. Santa Monica: HFS, 1992, p. 611-615.
  • KANTOWITZ, B.; SORKIN, R. Human factors: Understanding people-system relationships. New York: John Wiley, 1983.
  • KOLERS, P. Some formal characteristics of pictograms. American Scientist, v. 57, n. 3, p. 348-363, 1969.
  • LAUGHERY, K.; STANUSH, J. Effects of warning explicitness on product perceptions. In: HFS Annual Meeting, 33, 1989. Proceedings of the HFS 33rd Annual Meeting. Santa Monica: HFS, p. 431-435, 1989.
  • LEONARD, S.; MATTHEWS, D.; KARNES, E. How does the population interpret warning signals? In: HFS Annual Meeting, 30, 1986. Proceedings of the HFS 30th Annual Meeting. Santa Monica: HFS, 1986, p. 116-120.
  • LEVIE, W.; LENTZ, R. Effects of text illustrations: A review of research. ECTJ, v. 30, n. 4, p. 195-232, 1982.
  • MAYER, R.; GALLINI, J. When is na illustration worth tem thousand words? Journal of Education Psychology, v. 82, n. 4, p. 715-726, 1990.
  • MCCARTHY, R. et al. Product information presentation, user behavior, and safety. In: HFS Annual Meeting, 28, 1984. Proceedings of the HFS 28th Annual Meeting. Santa Monica: HFS, 1984, p. 81-85.
  • OTSUBO, S. A behavioral study of warning labels for consumer products: Perceived danger and use of pictographs. In: HFS Annual Meeting, 32, 1988. Proceedings of the HFS 32nd Annual Meeting. Santa Monica: HFS, 1988, p. 536-540.
  • SILVER, N.; WOGALTER, M. Broadening the range of signal words. In: HFS Annual Meeting, 33, 1989. Proceedings of the HFS 33rd Annual Meeting. Santa Monica: HFS, 1989, p. 555-559.
  • SPINILLO, C. An analytical approach to procedural pictorial sequences. 2000. Tese (Doutorado em Tipografia e Comunicação Gráfica) - Department of Typography & Graphic Communication, The University of Reading. London, 2000.
  • SPINILLO, C.; AZEVEDO, E. Aspectos da leitura e compreensão de seqüências pictóricas de procedimentos: um estudo experimental sobre o uso do colete salva-vidas. In: Congresso Internacional de Pesquisa em Design, 2, 2003, Rio de Janeiro. Anais do 2º Congresso Internacional de Pesquisa em Design. Rio de Janeiro : ANPeD, 2003.
  • SPINILLO, C.; DYSON, M. An exploratory study of reading procedural pictorial sequences. Information Design Journal, v. 10, n. 2, p. 154-168, 2000/2001.
  • STONE, D.; GLOCK, M. How do young adults read directions with and without pictures? Journal of Educational Psychology, v. 73, n. 3, p. 419-426, 1981.
  • WOGALTER, M.; DESAULNIERS, D.; GODFREY, S. Perceived effectiveness of environmental warnings. In: HFS Annual Meeting, 29, 1985. Proceedings of the HFS 29th Annual Meeting. Santa Monica: HFS, 1985, p. 664-668.
  • WOGALTER, M.; JARRARD, S.; SIMPSON, S. Effects of warning signal words on consumer products hazard perceptions. In: HFS Annual Meeting, 36, 1992. Proceedings of the HFS 36th Annual Meeting. Santa Monica: HFS, 1992, p. 935-939.
  • WRIGHT, P. “The instructions clearly state...” Can't people read? Applied Ergonomics, v. 12, n. 3, p. 131-141, 1981.
  • YOUNG, S.; WOGALTER, M. Predictors of pictorial symbol comprehension. Information Design Journal, v. 10, n. 2, p. 124-132, 2000/2001.